The 1270 x 950 km Permian Triassic Impact Crater

I found evidence for a giant elliptical Impact Crater with the dimensions of 1270 x 950 km on the Arctic Ocean floor. This Impact Crater must be responsible for the Permian-Triassic boundary ≈ 253 million years ago, which caused the worst

mass extinction in Earth’s history. The impactor, a comet or asteroid with a diameter of 60 to 200 km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle, of less than 8°, with a relative low impact velocity of around 8 km/s and a resulting low

up to 20 large Secondary Craters were caused. A simulation shows a close correlation between the topography of the assumed PT-Impact Crater and the topography of a simulated elliptical crater that was created under similar conditions. .

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Abstract :
There is evidence for an enormous elliptical impact crater with the dimensions of 1270 x 950 km in the ocean floor of the Arctic Ocean. This elliptical impact crater and the dynamic effects of the ejected material

have formed the sea basin area below -3000m in the Beaufort Sea and triggered an expansion tectonics process. This impact crater seems to be responsible for the Permian-Triassic boundary ~253 million years ago,

which has caused the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history. The Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater was formed by an oblique impact. This means that the impactor, an asteroid or comet in the diameter range

of probably 60 - 200 km, collided with Earth at a very shallow angle, of probably less than 8°, with a relative low impact velocity of around 8 km/s and a resulting impact pressure of probably < 5 GPa for most ( > 90% )

of the excavated and ejected material, which makes it difficult to provide mineralogical evidence ( shock metamorphism ) to proof this global impact scenario.

A computer simulation shows a close correlation between the topography of the assumed P/T-Impact Crater and the topography of a simulated elliptical impact crater that was created under similar conditions.

The PT-Impact Event caused a butter-fly shaped ejecta blanket which covered the majority of the northern- and southern hemisphere. Within the boundaries of this ejecta blanket many large secondary impact craters

were formed by the ejecta, with crater diameters of up to 450 km. Please also read Part 2 of my hypothesis, where I describe many of the secondary impact-craters and -structures in more detail, which were caused by

the PT-Impact Event. In Europe up to 20 large secondary craters were caused. In India a secondary impactor produced a 450 x 380 km elliptical crater which formed the Bay of Bengal. Similar large secondary craters

were caused along the NE-coast and on the NW-coast of Australia and in South-America. And in Africa four extensive impact crater chains were caused. The impulse of the PT-impact and the impulses of the ejecta and

secondary crater impacts, which were produced by the ejecta material, caused a global fracture pattern on Earth’s crust that was the trigger for the break-up of Pangea and a global expansion-tectonic process which is

still going on today. The topographic map and ocean floor age map of the Pacific Plate provide further evidence of the PT-Impact Event and the resulting expansion tectonic process caused by the PT-Impact Event.

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The Permian-Triassic Impact Event caused Secondary-Craters & -Impact Structures in Europe

The large secondary -impact craters & -structures found in Europe & Africa were caused by Ejecta Material that was produced during the Permian Triassic (PT)-Impact Event in the Artic Sea

which formed the 1270 x 950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater. The rock material which was excavated from Earth's crust during the impact , together with large fragments of the impactor, is the

ejecta material that caused many large secondary craters & impact structures on Earth. It probably had a velocity of slightly less than 8 km/s, and a resulting impact pressure of probably < 5 GPa

for most ( >90% ). Even if the expected low impact pressure of the PT-ejecta material makes it difficult to provide the mineralogical evidence for the described global impact scenario there are a

few sites in Europe where mineralogical evidence of the PT-Impact Event can be found.

In Europe and Africa powerful Ejecta Rays from the PT-Impact Event caused secondary impact crater chains with crater diameters of up to 200 km. The tracks of these crater chains are clearly

visible on different gravity anomaly maps, which show the reduced thickness of Earth’s crust in these areas ( > blue areas ). It is clearly visible that these Ejecta Ray tracks intersect at a certain

point which was the impact location of the PT-Impact at the time of impact. The outline of Italy is a direct result of these crater chains as my drawings indicate. Some large fragments of the

impactor or of the ejected material caused another secondary impact crater chain along the NE-coast of Australia ( ► Cape York Impact ), which is a further proof for the crater-chain hypothesis.

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► The following Impact Craters & Impact Structures, I have discovered on different map types ( gravity anomaly maps, topographic maps, magnetic anomaly maps etc. )

and they are all still hypothetical, but in all probability are real impact structures ! There are no Rock Samples & Analyses available for these structures yet !

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► Impact Crater Chain in (Saudi) Arabia & The importance of the Permian Triassic Impact Event for the World Economy and for the Exploration- and Mining Industry

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Intro-Document 4 : A new hypothesis to Dark Matter : Interstellar -Asteroids and -Comets caused by Galaxy-Collisions are the invisible matter !

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Global Impact Events are the cause for Plate Tectonics and the formation of Continents and Oceans_Part 5

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The Great Red Spot (GRS) on Jupiter and the big Dark Spots on Neptune are Impact-Sites of large Asteroids- or Comet Impacts !

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The impactor, an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle, of probably less than 8°, with a relative low impact velocity of around 8 km/s and a resulting impact pressure of probably < 5 GPa for most (> 90% ) of the excavated and ejected material, which makes it difficult to provide mineralogical evidence ( shock metamorphism ) to proof this global impact scenario

Satellite View of the Impact Site in the Arctic Sea the Tectonic ( Topographic ) Map of Italy indicates two large Craters

Collision of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy (Sgr-DG) with our own Galaxy Gravity Anomaly Map1 - Cape York Crater - Gravity Anomaly Map 2 ( manipulated ) Ø 840 x 630 Pantanal Crater ( South America )

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All the new impact craters discovered during this study should lead to enormous metal-ore deposits in the crater- and ejecta-areas and these impact craters should lead to new oil- & gas-fields with more than 600 billion barrels of estimated oil-reserves, and with more than 300 trillion cubic feet of gas-reserves ! (à at a ~50 % success rate ). Especially the crater chains R1 to R4 and the CIC which are located on or near the African Continent, will contain a large share of these impact related oil- & gas-reserves. Because at least 50 ≥ Ø150km craters are located within the crater-chains R1 to R4 and in the Congo Impact Crater on the African Continent.

The expected reserves in this areas alone should exceed 400 billion barrel oil & 200 trillion ft³of gas.

The image shows the Ø 80 km Basho Crater on Mercury. The low-reflectance material (black) which is surrounding the crater is a form of carbon called graphite. The scientists believe it was excavated by the impact from the planet’s original, ancient crust which lies deeper.

It is thought that Mercury was once covered by a crust composed of graphite, when much of the planet Mercury was still molten.

An alternative explanation would be that the carbon was brought-in by the impactor itself, for example if the impactor was a carbon-rich comet.

This would be my first guess when I look at this image. However an origin from within Mercury ( from Mercury’s mantle ) is also possible.

1.) In all probability the PT-impactor was a carbon-rich comet with a diameter of ≥ 50km.

2.) Lengai Volcano located in Tanzania within the strong ejecta ray R4 is erupting Carbonatite Lava,

Because the distribution of carbonate rocks in Europe seems to be closely related to the impact event in Europe, caused by PTI-ejecta, it must be considered that the carbonate which formed the carbonatite lava originates from the PT-impact.

3.) The 12 km “Kola super-deep borehole” showed that at a depth > 7 km the rock in Earth’s crust is saturated with Hydrogen ( H₂ ) and H₂O which originates from deeper sources in the mantle !

Therefore we must take into consideration the possibility that certain amounts of the hydrocarbon reserves found close to impact structures could be a result of the thermochemical processes which are going on during & after the impact event ! ( à especially the gas reserves ( CH₄, C₂H₆ etc. ))

There are still many other large-scale impact structures on Earth which need to be properly analysed, in order to figure out the correct tectonic model for Earth before & after the PT-Impact Event

à There are two craters which formed the East- & West Warburton Basins approx. 300-360 Ma ago ( estimated diameter Ø 100-200km each )

However this work must be carried out by experienced planetary scientists & geologists now, together with the analysis of all planets and moons

Because we need to know the root causes of all global impact events which took place in our Solar System and we need to find all impact structures !!

1.) The first and most important measure must be the continuation of the research work, regarding global impact events and their causes & effects, which was started with this study here !

Scientists from many different disciplines must take on the challenge to find further evidence for the global impact structures described in this study

2.) Rock samples from all new impact craters and impact structures described in this study ( Part 1-4 ) should be collected and analyzed.

3.) After the confirmation of the P/T-impact crater and related secondary impact structures a new analysis & simulation of the tectonic processes in Earth’s past, in the last 253 Ma, must be done !

4.) Then the cause of the expansion tectonic process, which obviously was triggered by the P/T-impact, must be found. And because there are other planets & moons in our solar system where expansion tectonic processes were triggered by a global impact event, a teamwork of scientists from different diciplines is required.

To find the driving physical / chemical process for the mantle expansion visible on different planets and moons, a close collaboration of planetary scientists, geophysicists, geologists, chemists and physicists ( especially with expertise in fission research and high-pressure / high-temperature material research ) Is required.

5.) A more precise and more detailed computer analysis of the collisions ( pericenter events ) of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy with our galaxy must be done. In all probability debris- (mass) streams resulting from these collisions are the cause of periods of violent global impact events in our solar system ! That’s why it is important to find out the exact composition, extension & the effects of the debris streams, caused by these collisions, on our solar system !!! The starting point of this analysis should be the study from Mr Chris Purcell

Important ! : Especially the effects and the position of the leading tidal tail of the Sgr-DG in the past (-300Ma) & in the future must be studied !!

6.) Because the distribution of metal-ores and energy resources, like crude oil or natural gas in Earth’s crust, is mainly caused and defined by large (global) impact events, knowledge of the precise location and size of all impact craters on Earth is crucial for future explorations of ore deposits, and especially for the exploration and discovery of new large oil- and gas-deposits !!

Good knowledge of all large impact structures on Earth will make a big difference in future explorations, in order to find these important energy- and ore- deposits for mankind !!

Especially the correlation of big impact craters with the formation and the development of large oil-fields & gas-fields must be precisely analysed !! It seems that in particular the impact-related tectonic motion of crust fragments and magma streams, which were created during large impact events, are an important condition for the development of large oil- and gas deposits !! This correlation must be studied & analysed !

Having seen and analyzed the Permian-Triassic Impact and the global destruction which it caused :

We must consider different worst case scenarios in regards to one or more impactors ( asteroids or comets ) which are on a collision course with our planet Earth !!! And we must find solutions, and build and install suitable defence technology in space, in order to deflect the impactors of all assumed worst case scenarios away from Earth !!!

1.) Accumulations of Asteroids and/or Comets with a density like in the Asteroid Belt are approaching from deep space and they are on a collision course with Earth, having velocities up to 100 km/s !!

2.) Up to 10 Asteroids in the diameter range of Ø 10–40 km with velocities of 20-100 km/s are on a collision course with Earth and all are arriving at the same time !! Pre-Warning Time < 18 months !!!

3.) A large Asteroid with Ø 200 km and a velocity of 100 km/s is approaching from deep space ( from outside the solar system !! ) and is on a collision course with Earth. Pre-Warning Time < 2 years !!!

As long as we don’t exactly know what astro-physical processes have caused the global impact events within the last 300 million years, described in this study, we must take sufficient precautions !! in this violent and merciless universe !!

Because if we don’t do so !!, Mankind and most other species on Earth could go extinct within a very short time !!, just like the Dinosaurs !!!

There are already some ideas and plans for the realization of technology to deflect small asteroids.

But every idea or plan which I have seen so far regarding the deflection of an asteroid or comet is far away from being able to cope with one of the described worst case scenarios !!

If we are very lucky we could survive Worst Case Scenario 1.) But only if all asteroids or comets > Ø 10 – 20 km would miss our planet Earth !!

Because we are not able to deflect such large impactors yet !!! We just don’t have the required defense capability and technology to do that !!!

I have made an own assessment, and I found a few suitable defense strategies which are able to cope with large impactors, up to Ø 200 km !!

However these strategies only work if the required technology is installed in space (in defined locations in our solar system !) and if we are ready (well trained !!) to use this technology. And it would only be possible to cope with high-velocity Asteroids or Comets ( with velocities >30-40 km/s) if the technology is installed with maximum rocket performance which is possible and if it would be installed on many locations in our solar system !!!

It would probably take at least 20 years to design, build and install such a defense system and it would probably cost ≥ US$ 100 billion !

However if all members of the UNO cooperate in the effort to build such a defense system for our planet Earth, then it shouldn’t be a problem to finance it !!! And it also should’t be a problem to convince the UNO members to invest in such a defense system for our planet Earth !!

Because this is really the only possible insurance against a global impact event and the extinction of mankind and the total destruction of our world !!

And we shouldn’t wait until the devil comes around the corner ! Fast and smart action is required !

How such a defense system for our planet Earth could look like is described in my following study :

(This study will also be available at www.vixra.org soon. Just type-in my author-name in the search field and press enter. Then you will find the study.)

The interested readers should also have a look at the following Wikipedia page :

With the described asteroid deflection strategies it would be possible to carry out controlled impacts of asteroids in the 10-20 km diameter range on Mars and on other planets & moons !! In order to produce a crack in the crust of mars similar to the ”Valles Marineris Crack”

Valles Marineri s - The Valles Marineris is a deep 2400 km long Canyon ( Crack ) on Mars probably caused by a global impact event

An action plan for Terra-Forming on Mars :

In order to create an additional “Second Earth” for Mankind we should perform Terraforming on Mars as quick as possible before the settlement starts !!

With a controlled impact series of probably 3 to 4 asteroids in the Ø 10-20 km range a large crack in the crust of Mars could easily be produced.

Alternatively a few 50 MT Fusion-Bombs located in 10km deep drill-holes can be used to achieve this.

In order to achieve the crack with the smallest possible impactor diameter & energy expense, the optimum area for the intended crack would be the thinnest crust area of Mars. This is in the center area of the northern lowland (à the former ocean floor on Mars ) Here the crust is only 40 km thick !

A large crack in this area should cause large amounts of volatiles ( e.g. H₂O ) to rise up to the surface, similar as it happened in Valles Marineris. This would quickly produce a small ocean near the crack and a thicker atmosphere, which would improve the living-conditions on Mars considerably !

Such a Terra-Forming project should first be tested on another planet or moon which is located further away from Earth, and which is not a primary target for human settlements. It could be tested for example on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede..

From the produced crack large amounts of salt-water can ascend from Mars’ mantle and fill up the old ocean basin !

A few words to the dangerous Pacific-LLSVP :

An essential new discovery in comparison to the first edition of my study is the fact that the Pacific Plate and the expansion tectonics process which has formed it, is the result of ≥ 8 gigantic magma eruptions in the west pacific region over the last 200 Ma. These magma eruptions were caused by the Pacific-LLSVP-(ULVZ), which in all probability is a direct result of impacting ejecta of the PTI !

Further new discoveries were the Victoria Lake Impact event, the Canary Islands Impact event, the localization of the “Bay of Lyon” Crater, the correct position & orientation of the Indian Plate, Madagascar and South-America at the time of the PTI-event and some other new interdependencies.

Regarding the described magma eruptions in the West Pacific the following Warning must be given :

With high probability another magma eruption will take place in the west pacific region ! In all probability it will occur in proximity to the Fiji Islands. When it will happen is difficult to say ! Therefore the mantle area below the Fiji region must be examined with seismic tomography in more detail, e.g. the vertical velocity of the magma flow under the Fiji region must be measured ! see Part 1

Note that a new mass extinction, caused by another gigantic magma eruption of the Pacific-LLSVP, can begin at any time ! Within a short time period such a largescale magma eruption could kill up to 60% of all species on Earth ! Like the other eruptions in the past it will cause an oceanic anoxic event ( like the OAE-1a & OAE-2 and PETM ( Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.), which will release vast amounts of CO₂, H₂S etc. into the oceans and will kill up to 60% of all marine species. Largescale explosive volcanism with vast amounts of CO₂ released will be a result too ( .e.g. see Ajupa Island )

It could begin in a few years, or it may not happen in the next million years. But in all probability it will happen sometime within the next ~5 million years !

A solid column at the top end of the Pacific LLSVP near Fiji, which is located close to the surface, may be an indication of the next due magma eruption !

And there seems to be a connection between these magma eruption events in the west pacific region and the 62 Ma bio-diversity cycle on Earth ( à Extinction-cycle with two half periods of ≈31 Ma )

In all probability some of these violent magma eruptions were triggered by extreme earthquakes, e.g. caused by impact events, like the Chicxulub-Impact in Mexico. Like a punch which triggers an eruption of the contents of a heated Coke-bottle, the shock waves of an extreme earthquake may finally trigger a magma eruption from the Pacific-LLSVP ( à caused by a sudden pressure spike ) !

But to make it clear : We are looking at two different periodic cycles here !

The periodic magma eruptions of the Pacific-LLSVP are caused by thermochemical processes which are going on inside the LLSVP & ULVZ. There seem to be longterm thermochemical processes at work with cycle lengths of 10 - 30 Ma ( million years ).

( à the cycle length seems to decrease over time )

Please note : It may also be the case that a large amount of superheated mantle-water streams out of the Mid-Ocean-Range-crevices before a magma eruption starts, causing in this way climate change and sea-level rise !! see weblink to : à News Article

And the final stage of this cycle, the magma eruption, can be triggered by an outer shock event

The 62 Myr Bio-Diversity Cycle ( or 62 Ma Extinction-cycle ! ) is caused by a precise periodic astronomical event going on for at least 500 Ma !

In all probability it is caused by the periodic crossing of the galactic plane by our solar system every 31 Ma. Every second crossing of the galactic plane seems to be particularly dangerous, because it has produced a worldwide mass extinction every time for the last 8 (62 Ma)-cycles !

6 of this 8 crossings caused a mass extinction each time, killing ≥ 70 % of all marine species on Earth ! Because our solar system moves along a spiral path around the galactic center, at every second crossing our solar system crosses the same ring area of the galactic plane, which in all probability is densely packed with debris resulting from collisions of our Galaxy with the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy ( Sgr-DG ).

And to point this out : Our solar-system is currently crossing the galactic plane in this obviously dangerous ring-area ! We know that the last world-wide extinction took place 65 Ma ago !

Therefore the next worldwide extinction event seems to be overdue and can happen at any time ! Maybe we just haven’t passed the dense debris-layer yet !

By the way : This assumed debris-ring ( or debris accumulation ) may be the cause of the Oort Cloud ( à the source area of comets ! ) around our solar system, and the densely packed debris ring(s) in the galactic plane (similar to Saturns ring) may offer an alternative to explain the Dark Matter problem !!

Looking at the other global impact events which I have discovered on the planets Venus, Mars & Pluto, and on the moons Ganymede & Charon, which all indicate orbit inclinations ≥ 40° for the original orbit of the impactors (comets or asteroids),

then it certainly must be taken into consideration that the impactors came from outside our solar system !! à either from the Oort Cloud, or from the assumed debris ring (layer) in the galactic plane !

Because these global impact events probably all occurred within the last ~250 Ma, we must expect large impactors which are coming with high velocity from deep space !

As long as we don’t exactly know the physical process which has caused the global impact events within the last 300 million years, described in this study, we must take sufficient precautions !!

Because we are not able to deflect such large impactors yet ! We just don’t have the required defence capability and technology to do that !

Therefore an asteroid- & comet deflection system must be built which protects our planet !

I have made an own assessment, and I found a few suitable defence strategies which are able to cope with large impactors, up to Ø 200 km !!

How such a defence system for our planet Earth could look like is described in my following study :

See : à “To the deflection of asteroids in the diameter range of 5 to 200 Km”

It will probably take at least 20 years to design, build and install such a defence system and it would probably cost ≥ US$ 100 billion ! But it is our responsibility to build such a system !

It is also our task & responsibility to settle on our neighbour planet Mars as soon as possible, and to establish an independent civilisation on Mars, which doesn’t need support from Earth to survive !

This is the only way to make sure that our advanced technological civilisation will survive in the case of a global impact event on Earth, caused by a large impactor coming from deep space, or in the case of another gigantic magma eruption caused by the Pacific LLSVP !

We may be able to build a defence system against a large impact on Earth. However it’s not possible to build a defence system against a gigantic magma eruption coming from Earth’s mantle !!

That’s why the development of nuclear drives for spaceships must be accelerated. We need much more payload capacity ! Instead of just being able to lift 10 tons into orbit, we need payload capacities of thousands of tons to really make progress in establishing settlements on Mars and on other planets and moons. If we shift our focus to the development of nuclear driven spacecraft we can achieve this within a few decades !

Please note that 10 kg enriched Uranium contain as much energy as thousands of tons of rocket fuel ! We already have enough fuel (enriched uranium) to build hundreds of spaceships with payload capacities ≥ 1000 tons ! The weapons industry worldwide must be redirected to build such large spaceships, and the space-technology which we need for the colonization of Mars, instead of ever-increasing the weapons-piles on Earth !

We must shift our focus !

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At last a few words to our political leaders :

The G20 & UNO must set a new framework, so that “Resource Wars” can’t happen anymore !

Therefore I suggest an Action Plan and a number of Global Regulations with the following goals :

1.) Secure & explore the required resources for mankind far in advance before they are needed !

2.) To define which resources should be extracted first and which ones should be put on hold, in order to minimize the environmental impact of the mining industry, in particular regarding very sensitive natural environments.

3.) Altogether there should be a better longterm planning for a safe and environmental friendly resource exploitation worldwide.

Speculation on commodity markets must be restricted by setting bandwidths for trading !

Commodity prices must be forced into defined bandwidths to provide stability for world’s economy.

A worldwide analysis of all available mineral- and energy- resources and -reserves must be carried out under control of the UNO and G20.

A precise projection of the resource needs for the next 30 years must be done, and a 30 Year plan for food-, water-, energy- and mineral resources supply for mankind must be set up.

Because the next 30 years will be the most challenging time in human history, with maximum resource consumption !

à see Part 4 of my study for further information

4.) Mining industries which are critical for the resource supply for mankind should be under observation and protection of the UNO & UNSC.

( for example the crude oil exploration industry )

5.) More food and energy reserves ( oil & gas ) must be kept in stock ( e.g. during the coming very low sun-spot-cycle minima, in which cold Winters and shortened harvest seasons must be expected !)

( see following links : link_1 , link_2 , link_3 , link_4 )

6.) The population growth in the fastest growing countries must be reduced as quickly as possible with the financial help from the G20 & UNO.

And much more irrigated farmland is required !!

A Top-Down Approach is required to reduce resource consumption ! First it must be defined how much resources can be used over the next 30 years. Then all key-industries must get limits for the use of resources, which they shouldn’t exceed !

We need to refocus !!! We must start many international projects where all members of the UNO & G20 work together to achieve a better and saver life for all people, a healthy environment and in general good & positive visions for mankind !

One of these positive visions must be the Realization of a constant Settlement of Mankind on Mars à realized by the G8, G20, EU and the UNO !

Other important visions for mankind must be : ( à also realized by the G8, G20, EU and the UNO ! )

That we really must get serious Now about the Protection of the remaining Rainforests on Earth, otherwise they will be gone in 10 years !! and with it millions of rare species !! The rich countries must pay compensation to the Rainforest-Countries in order to achieve this goal !

The rainforests are the lungs and filters of our atmosphere, and they reduce climate change !!!

And the species which live in the rainforests ( plants & animals ) contain billions of highly interesting organic substances for mankind, which all have the potential to create great progress for mankind and big profits for the Pharmaceutical- and the Chemical-Industry for hundreds of years into the future !

That’s why it should be a high priority for the big Investment Banks and the world’s Pharmaceutical- and Chemical-Industry to protect the Rainforests !!

The Pharmaceutical- and Chemical-Industry together with Investment Banks and governments should work out contracts in which they agree to pay money to the Rainforest-Countries for the longterm protection of the Rainforests. For this they would get e.g. exclusive rights for the copying & using of interesting organic-substances & molecules found in the Rainforest Species. This will be a Win-Win situation for both parties and for the rainforests !

And we must get serious about removing the plastic waste from the rivers and oceans !!!

The source of plastic waste which ends up in the world’s oceans is plastic-waste which gets dumped in rivers and flood-areas !

This happens especially in highly populated mostly asian countries and in India. The ten biggest rivers in these countries transport ≈ 70-80% of the plastic waste into the world’s oceans !

Especially the monsoon-rain and the following floods transport all plastic waste from the once- a-year flooded areas into the worlds oceans !

To prevent this pollution the authorities in these countries must define dumping-sites for waste on higher flood-save areas, and there must be high penalties for dumping waste elsewhere !! Penalties for poor people who pollute the environment could be that they must help for a week to collect waste.

Cleaning up the oceans with specialized machines won’t work. The task is just to big !!

The root-cause must be eliminated, which is the dumping of waste in rivers and flood-areas !!

Here the weblinks to the Parts 1 to 5 of my study : à They are available on vixra.org and on archive.org

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1. An Yin. Mark Harrison : The Tectonic Evolution of Asia , California, Los Angeles 1996, Cambridge University Press ; ISBN: 0-521-48049-3

2. A.H.F. Robertson, D. Mountrakis : Tectonic Development of the Eastern Mediterranean Region ; Geological Society, Special Publication 260

3. G. Moratti, A. Chalouan : Tectonics of the Western Mediterranean and North Africa ; Geological Society, Special Publication 262 ; London 2006

4. W. Frisch, M. Meschede, Ronald Blakey : Plate Tectonics ; Germany 2011, Springer Verlag ; ISBN : 978-3-540-76503-5 , ( e-ISBN: …-76504-2 )

5. G.R. Foulger, D-M. Jurdy : Plates, Plumes, and Planetary Processes ; The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 430 ; Boulder Colorado 2007 ; ISBN: 978-0-8137-2430-0

Interesting Chapters : 1.) Speculations on Cretaceous tectonic history of the northwest Pacific and a tectonic origin for the Hawaii hotspot ; Ian O. Norton

2.) An alternative Venus ; Warren B. Hamilton. 3.) The OIB paradox ; J. Godfrey

6. R. Hekinian, P. Stoffers, J.L. Cheminee : Oceanic Hotspots ; Germany 2004, Springer Verlag ; ISBN: 3-540-40859-2

7. P. Kearey, F.J. Vine : Global Tectonics , England 1996, Blackwell Science Ltd. , ISBN : 0-86542-924-3

10. Permian-Triassic Extinction Event : à Two informative studies about the P/T-event

8. C. Koeberl, F. Martinez-Ruiz : Impact Markers in the Stratigraphic Record 2003 ; Springer Verlag ; ISBN : 3-540-00630-3

9. G. R. Osinski, E. Pierazzo : Impact Cratering ; USA 2013, Wiley-Blackwell Publication ; ISBN : 978-1-4051-9829-5

10. W.U. Reimold, R.L. Gibson : Meteorite Impact ; Council for Geoscience, Germany 2009, Springer Verlag

11. R.L. Gibson, W.U. Reimold : Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution IV ; The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 465 Boulder Colorado 2010 ; ISBN: 978-0-8137-2465-2

12. I. De Pater, J.J.Lissauer : Planetary Sciences ; USA 2010, Cambridge University Press , ISBN : 978-0-521-85371-2

13. Ronald Greeley : Planetary Geomorphology ; USA 2013, Cambridge University Press ; ISBN : 978-0-521-86711-5

14. M.R. Balme, A.S. Bargery, C.J. Galllagher : Martian Geomorphology ; Geological Soc. London 2011 Special Publ. 356, ISBN: 978-1-86239-330-1

Interesting Chapters: 1.) Morphological and geographical evidence for the origin of Phobos’ grooves from HRSC Mars Express images ; J.B. Murray, J.C. ILIFFE 2.) Periglacial geomorphology and landscape evolution of the Tempe Terra region, Mars ; S.van Gasselt, E.Hauber, A.-P. Rossi, A. Dumke u.a

3.) Geol. recent water flow in the NE Sulci Gordii region, Mars ; M.C.Towner...

15. C. Vita-Finzi, D. Fortes : Planetary Geology ; London 2013, Dunedin Publ.

16. Kent C. Condie : Earth as an Evolving Planetary System ; 2011, Elsevier Academic Press, ISBN : 978-0-12-385227-4

17. J.I.Lunine : Earth Evolution of a Habitable World ; 2013 , Cambridge University Press, ISBN : 978-0-521-85001-8

Note : If weblinks don’t work, then type-in or copy the shown web-address directly in your internet browser, or search with titel & author !

2.) Numerical modelling of basin-scale impact crater formation; R.W.K. Potter

3.) Cycles in fossil diversity : R.A. Rohde, R.A. Muller, 2005, www.nature.com

4.) The Sagittarius impact as an architect of spirality and outer rings in the Milky Way, C.W. Purcell & others, à see also : Computer Simulation

6.) Brooks Range (Alaska) Orthogneiss : SHRIMP Zircon Analysis of the complex U-Pb situation ; USA 1999, J.Toro, W.C. McClelland, T. Ireland

8.) Stresses that drive the Plates from below, Peter Bird, Z. Liu, & W. K. Rucker

9.) A crustal thickness map of Africa derived from a global gravity field model ; G.E. Tedla & others, Geophysical Journal International 2011

10) Fraser Range – West-Australia : current theory of the geology explained

12) To the deflection of Asteroids in the diameter range 5 to 200km; Harry K. Hahn

13) Ghawar / Saudi Arabia - The world’s largest oil-field, Energy Consulting Group

16) A 2MASS ALL-SKY VIEW OF THE SAGITTARIUS DWARF GALAXY. V. VARIATION OF THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ALONG THE SAGITTARIUS STREAM

17) Galaxy: VI. s-Process and Titanium Abundance Variations Along the Sagittarius Stream

2.) The Sagittarius Impact as an Architect of Spirality and Outer Rings in the Milky Way

3.) Two more animations which show the current collision situation with the Sgr-DG !

6.) Permian-Triassic Extinction Event : à Three informative movies about the P/T-event

7.) At last : Titanic Impact Energy unleashed !! Andromeda/Milky Way Collision

1.) Global Expansion Tectonics - A more rational explanation - by James Maxlow

3.) The expanding Earth: a sound idea for the new millennium , Giancarlo Scalera

5.) Expanding Earth vs. Plate Tectonics , Geologist 2010, Timothy Casey B.Sc.

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